Nanotechnology as a Core Pillar of Biomedical Engineering: Principles, Applications, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Nanotechnology has become a fundamental pillar in modern biomedical engineering due to its ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale (1–100 nm) resulting in unique physical chemical and biological properties. These characteristics have enabled significant advancements in medical diagnostics, imaging, targeted drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and smart medical devices. This narrative review aims to highlight the principles of nanotechnology, fabrication and characterization techniques, major biomedical applications, safety considerations, and future perspectives. Relevant peer‑reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 were analyzed from major scientific databases. The findings demonstrate that nanotechnology enhances diagnostic sensitivity, therapeutic precision, and tissue regeneration outcomes compared with conventional medical approaches. Despite these advantages, challenges related to toxicity, large‑scale manufacturing, and regulatory frameworks remain. The integration of artificial intelligence with nanotechnology is expected to play a key role in overcoming these challenges and advancing personalized medicine.